What is Shavuot (Pentecost)?

Created OnMay 28, 2025

Last Updated OnMay 31, 2025

Shavuot, also known as Pentecost, is a festival deeply rooted in the Torah and brought to its fullness in the New Testament. It’s a profound celebration revealing God’s redemptive plan for Israel and the nations. This primer explains what the festival is, its connection to Yeshua (Jesus), the timing of its observance and how it’s traditionally celebrated.

Pentecost/Shavuot: Torah, Messiah, Spirit. Two loaves of braided bread with sesame seeds on top and flames below with a white background.

What is it?

The name is derived from the Hebrew word שָׁבוּעוֹת Shavuot (“weeks” or “sevens”), is one of the three major pilgrimage festivals (שְׁלוֹשָׁה רְגָלִים shalosh regalim) mandated in the Torah, alongside Pesach (Passover) and Sukkot (Tabernacles) (Ex. 23:14–17; Dt. 16:16). Its name reflects the seven weeks (or “sevens”) counted from the offering of the wave sheaf during Passover, culminating on the fiftieth day, which is why Greek-speaking Jews called it πεντηκοστή Pentekoste (“50th”) (Lv. 23:15–16). Shavuot is a multifaceted holiday with agricultural, historical, and spiritual significance, commemorating both the wheat harvest in ancient Israel and the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai (Exodus 19–20).

Agriculturally, Shavuot marks the “Feast of Harvest” (חַג הַקָּצִיר Chag HaKatsir) or the “Day of Firstfruits” (יוֹם הַבִּכּוּרִים Yom HaBikkurim), celebrating the firstfruits of the wheat harvest (Ex. 23:16; Num. 28:26). Israel is instructed to bring offerings of the firstfruits — wheat, barley, grapes, figs, pomegranates, olives, and dates — to the Temple in Jerusalem as an act of gratitude for God’s provision (Dt. 26:1–11). This act symbolized dependence on the Creator and the joy of His sustenance.

What does this have to do with Yeshua?

But Shavuot is not merely a historical or agricultural festival but a prophetic picture of God’s redemptive work.

First, it is tied to the monumental event at Mount Sinai, where God gave the Torah, including the Ten Commandments (עֲשֶׂרֶת הַדִּבְּרוֹת Aseret HaDibrot, “Ten Words”), to Israel (Exodus 19–20). This moment established Israel as a covenant people, set apart to live in holiness and reflect God’s character to the world (Ex. 19:5–6). Rabbinic tradition holds that this occurred around the sixth day of the Hebrew month of Sivan, aligning with Shavuot’s timing, though the Torah doesn’t explicitly state the exact date.

Second, Shavuot is a “second harvest” of souls, first at Sinai, where Israel was formed as God’s covenant people, and later in Jerusalem, where the Holy Spirit empowered the early believers (Acts 2). This dual harvest underscores God’s desire to dwell with His people — first through the Torah and later through the Spirit — inviting both Jews and Gentiles into His Kingdom (Isa. 56:6–8; Jn. 4:22–24).

In Exodus, God descended on Mount Sinai with fire, thunder, and a loud shofar blast, giving the Torah to Israel (Ex. 19:16–20). This event established the covenant, calling Israel to be a “kingdom of priests and a holy nation” (Ex. 19:6). Similarly, in Acts 2, the Holy Spirit descended on the disciples in Jerusalem with the sound of a mighty wind and tongues of fire, empowering them to proclaim the Gospel in various languages (Acts 2:1–4).

This outpouring, occurring on Shavuot (Pentecost), marked the fulfillment of God’s promise to include Gentiles in His covenant community (Gn. 12:1–3; Acts 2:39; Rom. 11:17–18).

On that day, Heaven added 3,000 souls to the Kingdom (Acts 2:41) mirroring the “firstfruits” of the wheat harvest, paralleling the formation of Israel at Sinai. Just as the Torah was God’s instruction for righteous living, the Holy Spirit enables believers to live out God’s commands, writing the Torah on their hearts (Jer. 31:33; Heb. 8:10). Yeshua, as the “Word made flesh” (Jn. 1:14), bridges the giving of the Torah and the Spirit, fulfilling the promise of a new covenant that transforms both Jews and Gentiles (Jn. 4:23–24; Gal. 3:28–29).

The Book of Ruth, often read on Shavuot, further illustrates this, as Ruth, a Gentile, is grafted into Israel through faith, prefiguring the inclusion of all nations through Yeshua (Ruth 1:16; Matthew 1:5).

Shavuot thus reveals Yeshua as the ultimate Bondage-Breaker, liberating humanity from sin and death (Rom. 6:6–7). The festival’s themes of liberty, restoration, and acceptance (see “Shavuot expands the Kingdom of God”) align with Yeshua’s mission to redeem and restore all people to God (Jn. 3:16–17). The outpouring of the Spirit empowers believers to live as citizens of God’s Kingdom, sharing the good news with all nations (Acts 1:8).

On which day do we celebrate It?

Determining the exact day of Shavuot hinges on the timing of the wave sheaf offering (תְּנוּפָה Tenufah) and the counting of the omer (סְפִירַת הָעֹמֶר Sefirat HaOmer), the 50-day period from Passover to Shavuot (Leviticus 23:15–16). There are three main historical approaches to when the wave sheaf is offered, affecting Shavuot’s date.¹

Pharisaic (rabbinic) view: The wave sheaf is offered on the second day of Passover (Nisan 16), interpreting “the morrow after the Sabbath” (Lv. 23:11) as the day after the first day of Passover, a festival “Sabbath.” The count begins on Nisan 16, making Shavuot fall on Sivan 6–7, regardless of the day of the week (e.g., June 1–3, 2025). That’s consistent with modern Jewish calendars.²
Sadducean, Samaritan and Karaite view: The wave sheaf is offered on the first Sunday after Passover, understanding “Sabbath” from Lv. 23:11 literally as the weekly Sabbath. The 50-day count starts the day after, leading to Shavuot always landing on the first day of the week (Sunday), typically seven to eight weeks later.³
Qumran (Essene?) view: The count begins on the Sunday after the entire Passover/Unleavened Bread week, resulting in a later Shavuot, often in mid-Sivan.⁴

Major Christian denominations state that Pentecost is always on a Sunday because it is 50 days after Easter, which is always a Sunday, rooted in the liturgical calendar and biblical tradition. They say this originated from the events in Acts 2, adapting the Jewish feast of Shavuot to commemorate the Holy Spirit’s descent 50 days after Yeshua’s resurrection on the first day of the week (Sunday).⁵ (For Christianity’s shift to Sunday as the main worship day, see Samuele Bacchiocchi, From Sabbath to Sunday, The Pontifical Gregorian University Press: Rome, 1977, pp. 122–128, 165–186.)

Denomination	Reason for Sunday Pentecost observance	Origin explanation
Catholic	50 days after Easter Sunday, liturgical calendar	Adapted from Jewish Shavuot, Acts 2 event
Eastern Orthodox	Seventh Sunday after Easter, Great Feast	Fulfillment of Old Testament, Holy Spirit descent
Anglican	Principal Feast, 50 days post-Easter	Biblical account, early Church tradition
Lutheran	Festival, Sunday after Easter week	Jewish roots, Christian fulfillment
Protestant	Often emphasizes Acts 2, Sunday celebration	Historical Church practice, biblical timing

Conversely, Josephus⁶ and Philo⁷ state the wave offering occurred on Nisan 16, the day after the Passover festival Sabbath (Nisan 15), aligning with the Pharisaic view. Some scholars dispute Sadducean total control of Temple rituals, pointing to a heated calendrical dispute in first-century Judaisms.

Another point to consider is Josh. 5:11, which records the first celebration of Passover in the Land and eating of its harvest מִמָּחֳרַת הַפֶּסַח mimmakharat-haPesakh “on the day/morrow after the Passover.” Lv. 23:11 uses similar Hebrew wording to describe when to bring the wave offering: מִמָּחֳרַת הַשַּׁבָּת mimmakharat-haShabbat “on the day/morrow after the Sabbath.”

Are the two phrases referring to the same or different timing? One could say the Joshua passage points to timing of Nisan 15, because Passover starts near the end of Nisan 14 (a few hours before sunset). Then again, Passover biblically stretches into Nisan 15 (Lv. 22:30; Num. 9:12), so the day/morrow after that would be Nisan 16.

And the wave offering command says it must be done after entering the Land and before eating of its produce.

“When you enter the land which I am going to give to you and reap its harvest, then you shall bring in the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest. … Until this same day, until you have brought in the offering of your God, you shall eat neither bread nor roasted grain nor new growth.”
Leviticus 23:10, 14 NASB 1995

Granted, the Joshua account doesn’t mention that the priests offered a tefunah, but it does note that the men were circumcised (Josh. 5:2-7), which was required to celebrate the first Passover post-exodus (Ex. 12:48).⁸ The text doesn’t mention how Israel got this “produce of the land” to eat here, whether by purchase or seizure from abandoned fields (Josh. 2:24; 5:1). Again, the wave offering instruction does say that before produce of the Land is eaten, an עֹמֶר רֵאשִׁית קְצִירְכֶם ‘omer reysheet q’tzirkhem (“sheaf of [the] firstfruit of your harvest”) must be offered. That ceremony is a reminder of from where — from Whom — the blessing of the Land comes.

Regardless of the timing of Shavuot, the focus remains on the spiritual significance of its 50-day count, symbolizing preparation for receiving God’s revelation.

How do we celebrate?

Shavuot is celebrated with rich traditions that reflect its agricultural and spiritual significance:

Torah study: Many Jews stay up all night on Erev Shavuot (the evening before) for תִּקּוּן לֵיל שָׁבוּעוֹת (Tikkun Leil Shavuot, “rectification of Shavuot night”), studying Torah to honor the giving of the Law and atone for the Israelites’ supposed oversleeping at Sinai.
Reading the Ten Commandments: Synagogues recite the Ten Commandments on the first day, emphasizing the covenant at Sinai (Ex. 20:1–17).
Book of Ruth: This book is read, highlighting themes of redemption and inclusion, as Ruth’s story foreshadows Gentile inclusion in God’s people (Ruth 1–4).
Dairy foods: Eating dairy, such as cheesecake or blintzes, is customary, symbolizing the “milk and honey” of the Promised Land and the purity of the Torah (Song 4:11).
Greenery and flowers: Homes and synagogues are decorated with plants to recall Mount Sinai’s blooming and the harvest season.

For Messianic believers, these practices are enriched by celebrating the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, often through worship, prayer, and studying Acts 2 alongside Exodus 19–20, seeing Yeshua as the fulfillment of the Torah and the Spirit’s empowerment.

Studies

Loyalty over ancestry: What really matters to God (Ruth 1–4; Exodus 20; John 4)

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In this study on Shavuot (Pentecost), we see how we’re reminded annually of Heaven’s mission to call all nations and a promise to do that through His Son as King of Kings over Jew and goy (Gentile) alike. The Book of Ruth depicts a woman of Moab embraced by Israel through her faith: “Your people will be my people; your God my God.” The Holy One’s promise to bless the world through Abraham was a legacy that stretched through Ruth’s lineage to King David to Messiah Yeshua (Christ Jesus). Yeshua’s visit to Samaria (John 4) ignored long-held social barriers and showed…

Pentecost: God’s global invitation to become part of Heaven’s family

Jeff May 26, 2023

Shavuot (Pentecost) is an invitation to all mankind to meet and fellowship with God. He sent the same invitation through Moshe (Moses) to the first generation of Israel post-Exodus that God sends through His Messiah, Yeshua (Jesus).

How to be a dependable part of Heaven’s rescue mission to Earth (Leviticus 25)

Daniel May 21, 2022

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The Torah secret to Spirit-led transformation (Leviticus 21-24). Dove flies amid clouds in a blue sky.

The Torah secret to Spirit-led transformation at Pentecost (Leviticus 21–24)

Jeff May 14, 2022

Two of the great characteristics of the Creator is that He is both the Holy One, vastly different from us, and God With Us, wanting to be near us. The otherness of God is a key theme of the Torah reading אָמַר Emor (“say,” Leviticus 21-24), how God is separate from us, how He called the priesthood to be separate from the rest of Israel in service to Him and how we are to live separate from but near to the rest of the world. This separation, called “holiness,” is not to be taken as a source of arrogance or pride, but…

How to increase righteousness on the Earth (Isaiah 11; John 20; Ezekiel 18)

Daniel April 23, 2022

A common caricature of Heaven is that God is obsessed with killing the wicked. Rather, the Bible talks about a better way to both rid the Earth of wickedness and increase the number of righteous. And that’s one of the key lessons of the festivals of Pesach (Passover), Matzot (Unleavened Bread) and Shavuot (Pentecost), lessons brought to their fullness in Messiah Yeshua (Christ Jesus). Here’s how that works.

Heaven seeks from us authentic worship and service (Leviticus 21–23)

Jeff May 1, 2021

We love great actors when they’re on the screen or stage, but they’re odious when they fill the pews or the pulpits. A key lesson in the Torah reading אָמַר Emor (“say,” Leviticus 21–24) is that those in the service of the Creator of Heaven and Earth (Ex. 19:6; 1Pet. 2:5, 9; Rev. 1:6; 5:10) must deeply respect what they’re bringing closer to the Presence: “good gifts” of the heart cry of humankind. And those who bring those gifts must not pretend they’re transparently offering their best, what Heaven has set aside in them from normal ways of an Earth…

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Jeff May 31, 2020

Shavuot, aka Pentecost, is connected historically and ceremonially to the annual memorials of Pesakh (Passover) and Matzot (Unleavened Bread) by the 50 days in between. God’s instructions for Shavuot are connected to a harvest, but we can glean deeper meaning from its thematic linkage to Pesakh, to the giving of the Ten Commandments at Sinai and to the widespread outpouring of the Spirit on the 120 believers of Yeshua haMashiakh (Jesus the Christ): * Pesakh: Be freed from bondage. (Justification) * Matzot: Be purged of the mindset from the former life. (Sanctification) * Shavuot: Learn what it means to be be adopted into the…

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Jeff June 12, 2019

Shavuot (Pentecost) commemorates the testimony of God coming and the Spirit of God coming to give it power. Yeshua haMoshiakh (Jesus the Christ) is the “word made flesh” (John 1:14) and “exact representation of (God’s) nature” (Hebrews 1:3). We explore the Ten Commandments and the Pentecost after Yeshua’s resurrection to see why the Bible makes so many connections between them.

Pentecost: Invitation to Heavenly lifestyle for all nations

Jeff May 20, 2018

The annual celebration of שבועות‎ Shavuot, aka Πεντηκοστή Pentecost, is connected historically and lessonwise to the annual memorials of Pesakh (Passover) and Matzot (Unleavened Bread) by the 50 days in between. God’s instructions for Shavuot are connected to a harvest, but we can glean from its linkage to the giving of the Ten Commandments at Sinai (Exodus 19-20) and to the widespread outpouring of the Spirit (Acts 2) deeper roots in the lessons of salvation in Pesakh and sanctification in Matzot. The message of freedom from the past, contentment in the present and strength for the future is not just for the whole…

Shavuot (Pentecost): Spirit-transformed to follow God’s Law

Jeff May 31, 2017

Shavuot for Jews. Pentecost for Christians. We can have a great dialogue with our brethren in faith in the Holy One of Israel about the lessons taught in this memorial of the revelation of God. The Word was spoken and written at Sinai, become flesh in Yeshua the Mashiakh (Jesus the Christ), and put into action by the transformation of the Spirit.

Shavuot (Pentecost) expands the Kingdom of God

Daniel June 11, 2016

Shavuot and the sabbatical years of the jubilee are based on three ideas: liberty, restoration and acceptance. Both stand on the same foundation. What foundation does man stand upon? Dirt + water + breath of life = Man. We all began with Adam and Eve without exception. God gave Adam and Eve the Breath of Life and we have all inherited this because of them.

Shavuot/Pentecost: God is gathering the ‘strangers’

Richard May 30, 2015

There are four lessons from Shavuot, aka Pentecost and the Feast of Weeks: 1. We are to have the same mind as is in Messiah Yeshua. 2. There are two different types of Firstfruits, and yet they are both “first.” 3. There was a delay between Yeshua’s call to the Jews vs. the Gentiles, and that is a good thing. 4. If you ask God for understanding, He will answer. Details are important, but they aren’t the only thing.

Palm branches are linked to Sukkot and Chanukah.

Spirit-filled connections between Shemini Atzeret (Eighth Day), Shavuot (Pentecost) and Sukkot (Tabernacles)

Daniel October 17, 2014

Shemini Atzeret (Convocation of the Eighth Day, Lev. 23:33–36, 39–43), the day following the seven days of Sukkot (Feast of Tabernacles or Booths), and Shavuot (Pentecost) are “buddies.” The symbolism of one is mirrored in the other. What happened on Shavuot throughout the Bible is a “shadow,” a likeness, of what will happen on a Shemini Atzeret during the Day of the LORD. Spirit beings need God’s breath, “water” from the God and the Tree of Life. We will experience seeing God face to face, and we will be able to keep His commandments without any hinderance. He will be our…

Shavuot teaches encountering God ‘in spirit and in truth’

Richard June 7, 2014

This is a special time in God’s calendar. We have reached Shavuot, the “Feast of Sevens.” It’s also called Pentecost, which is Greek for 50th. This feast is, in a sense, a continuation of the fulfillment of the covenant God made with Abraham. When human beings try to obey God in the flesh without a redeemed spirit, they will inevitably fail. We lift up two loaves at Shavuot, one made of wheat and one of barley. Both are His, and we will give both back to Him. There is so much hope for mankind at this time, even for those who are…

God’s appointments with humankind gain meaning over time – not obsolescence

Jeff September 21, 2013

A number of theologians have wondered publicly if the festivals of the LORD are relevant for today or are just historical or intellectual curiosities. Many dismiss Sukkot as either a harvest festival only applicable in the Land of Israel or only relevant with a standing temple. Let’s explore what the Bible says about the past, present and future layers of meaning in these annual appointments and how they teach us about the Messiah and ourselves. We will look at the different layers of the festivals: past, present and future. In a sense, they are like a wedding anniversary, on which the couple…

God sows ‘mysteries’ of His kingdom in the hearts of His faithful

Richard May 26, 2012

The Feast of Weeks, called Shavu’ot in Hebrew and Pentecost in Greek, commemorates the harvest of the second crop of the year, wheat. It’s connected to the Firstfruits of the harvest at Passover time. Yeshua is called the firstfruit of the resurrection of the dead. God loves the world but He shows His love in a different way than we might think. We must not hoard the mysteries of the kingdom of God all to ourselves.

The First 10 Chapters of Genesis: A Blueprint for God’s Appointed Times

Daniel October 20, 2011

Daniel explores foreshadowing of all seven ‘feasts to the LORD’ in Genesis 2–5. For example, hints of Passover are seen in Adam and Eve’s hiding from God in the garden; Firstfruits, in Eve’s dedicating her firstborn; Atonement, in God’s marking Cain to wander with vengeance taken against him.

Shavu’ot: Firstfruits and the remnant of the crop left for the poor

Richard June 11, 2011

Shavu’ot is a holiday celebrated 50 days after the Feast of Firstfruits. By this time, most of the harvest is gathered, prepped and stored. But God told His people in Leviticus 23 that they were supposed to leave a remnant behind for the “poor and the stranger.”

Book of Ruth and Shavu’ot: Return of and redemption for Israel and the nations

Daniel June 4, 2011

Traditionally, the book of Ruth is studied during Shavu’ot in most Jewish congregations. We have studied the surface story of Ruth in the past, but this study will dig deeper. Ruth had no right to an inheritance from God. She disregarded her birth family and follows her mother-in-law, Naomi, and Naomi’s God for the rest of her life.

‘Feasts to the LORD’; ‘the LORD spoke to…’ (Leviticus 23–24)

Richard January 29, 2011

The 23rd chapter of Leviticus is a relatively obvious passage. The explanations are simple and self-explanatory, except for questions about the biblical timing of Firstfruits and Pentecost. The 24th chapter is a bit unusual and not so simple to decipher. When you read the book of Leviticus and you find the phrase “the LORD spoke to…” pay attention to whom is supposed to hear the message. There were some messages for the sons of Aaron but some messages were for the people of Israel. Each group had their own duties and responsibilities, and it’s God Himself Who decides.

Journey to the 10 — Exodus 20 — arrival at Sinai and the hearing of the 10 — Shavu’ot

Richard May 22, 2010

Following in Israel’s footsteps, we have arrived at Sinai. Pretend you are listening to the 10 Commandments for the first time. It’s a challenge to hear them anew. Find a new way to make them a part of your life—to bring yourself even closer to Yeshua than you have ever been before.

Acts 3 — Peter’s second Pentecost plea for repentance

Jeff June 21, 2008

There are language cues in Acts 3 that strongly suggest that it is a description of an event on the afternoon of Pentecost. Thus this is a continuation of the events of Acts 2. The Spirit of God is on display in the temple with power, a display meant to prompt Israel to “turn back” from their rejection God’s Messiah and be restored by God’s Spirit.

What ‘crop’ is God going to ‘harvest’ from your life?

Richard June 14, 2008

Pentecost is described in the Bible first as a celebration of the wheat harvest. Then the timing of it coincides with God’s giving of His Torah at Sinai. Then it is connected with the giving of God’s Spirit to the first believers of Messiah Yeshua. How are all of lessons connected?

Acts 2 — Peter preaches with power purposefully on Pentecost

Jeff June 7, 2008

Peter’s Pentecost sermon not only made A’s for power of the Spirit but also for being “politically incorrect” in condemning the listeners. Why did Peter say what he said this particular Pentecost? What are the consistent lessons of Pentecost, called Shavuot in Hebrew for “sevens” or “weeks”?

You want to be one of God’s firstfruits

Daniel June 7, 2008

Messiah Yeshua (Jesus) is called the firstfruits of the resurrection (1st Cor. 15:20), and why are we called firstfruits of creation (James 1:18)? Pentecost originally was a celebration of the firstfruits of the wheat harvest and followed 50 days after the celebration of the firstfruits of the barley harvest. What is God teaching here about Yeshua and us?

Patterns and lessons of God’s spring appointed times

Jeff March 29, 2008

God’s ways may be mysterious, but when He lays out patterns and times important historical events accordingly, He is inviting us to learn more about what He is doing. There’s a “new beginning” lesson in the spring festivals of the LORD on Yeshua (Jesus).

Matthew 28:1: What is meant by ‘first day of the week’ in Greek?

Jeff March 1, 2008

More than 2,000 years of debate lies behind the question of when Messiah Yeshua rose from the dead. Rather than an esoteric inquiry, timing matters because Yeshua’s life, death, and resurrection happened “according to the Scriptures.”

Deuteronomy 5: The 10 Words and the Holy Spirit are two sides of same coin

Richard July 28, 2007

“Then Moses summoned all Israel and said to them: “Hear, O Israel, the statutes and the ordinances which I am speaking today in your hearing, that you may learn them and observe them carefully.” (Deuteronomy 5:1 NASB) On Mt. Sinai, on the day of Shavuot, God wrote His law on stone tablets and spoke them to the people. Two thousand years later, on Shavout, God put His law on His disciples hearts and they spoke to the people and 3000 were saved.

Timing of the Festivals of Firstfruits and Shavuot — Seven Sabbaths and 50 Days

Richard May 26, 2007

This is the third in a series of Bible studies exploring the connection in thought and time between Passover, Festival of the Wave Offering (Firstfruits or Bikkurim), Feast of Unleavened Bread (Matzot) and the Festival of Sevens (Shavuot or Pentecost).

Timing of the festivals of Firstfruits and Shavuot — Journey Into the Wilderness of Zin

Richard May 19, 2007

Richard considers another possibility other than the three main methods for determining the timing of Shavuot/Pentecost related to encampments the people of Israel during their exodus from slavery in Egypt leading up to their receiving the 10 Commandments from God at Mt. Sinai. Richard contends that a connection to the weekly Shabbat has an important bearing on what God is trying to teach with the festivals of Passover, Unleavened Bread, Firstfruits and Shavuot.

Matthew 16 — Good or bad “yeast”?

Jeff March 31, 2007

Yeast is commonly seen as a symbol for pride, something bad. Why does God command us to not eat leavened bread for seven days after Passover then at Shavuot (Pentecost) command that He be offered two loaves of leavened bread? How is the answer to this paradox found in Yeshua’s cryptic instruction to His disciples to beware of the “yeast of the Pharisees and Sadducees”?

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